{"id":1895,"date":"2024-12-30T00:41:00","date_gmt":"2024-12-29T23:41:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ritual.cz\/?p=1895"},"modified":"2026-01-30T13:50:12","modified_gmt":"2026-01-30T12:50:12","slug":"sigmund-freud","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ritual.cz\/index.php\/2024\/12\/30\/sigmund-freud\/","title":{"rendered":"Sigmund Freud"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sigmund Freud – jeden ze zakladatel\u016f psychologie

Narodil se v P\u0159\u00edbo\u0159e na Morav\u011b dne 6 kv\u011btna 1856. V sedmn\u00e1cti letech ukon\u010dil st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161kolu a pod vlivem Goethovy b\u00e1sn\u011b „P\u0159\u00edroda“ se rozhodl zprvu v\u011bnovat v\u011bd\u011b. Pro v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9ho \u017eida bylo v\u0161ak studium „\u010dist\u00e9“ v\u011bdy vylou\u010deno. Tehdy byly \u017eid\u016fm otev\u0159eny pouze tyto mo\u017enosti: obchod, pr\u00e1va a medic\u00edna. Rozhodl se pro medic\u00ednu a na podzim roku 1873 vstoupil na v\u00edde\u0148skou universitu. V\u011bt\u0161inu \u010dasu str\u00e1vil ve fyziologick\u00e9 laborato\u0159i pod vlivem profesora Ernsta Br\u00fccka. Z\u00e1jem doby o fyziologii byl t\u011bsn\u011b spjat s evolu\u010dn\u00ed orientac\u00ed. V\u011bdci se sna\u017eili vyplnit mezery v pozn\u00e1n\u00ed fylogenetick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje od jednobun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch organism\u016f k vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm \u017eivo\u010dich\u016fm, v\u010detn\u011b \u010dlov\u011bka. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed d\u016fraz kladli na fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed energie, p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledky a zcela vylu\u010dovali nehmotn\u00e9 , antropomorfn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny a bo\u017esk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely. Darwin byl pro toto hnut\u00ed hv\u011bzdou. Freud co by mlad\u00fd v\u011bdec se tohoto hnut\u00ed z\u00fa\u010dastnil a stal se na n\u011bjakou dobu materialistou. V roce 1876 byl p\u0159ijat do Br\u00fcckova Fyziologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu jako v\u011bdeck\u00fd pracovn\u00edk. Zde zkoumal histologii nervov\u00fdch bun\u011bk a za p\u011bt let shrom\u00e1\u017edil d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznatky, kter\u00e9 shrnul v \u0159ad\u011b stat\u00ed. V roce 1881 kone\u010dn\u011b dos\u00e1hl doktor\u00e1tu, jeho \u017eivot se t\u00edm v\u0161ak prozat\u00edm nezm\u011bnil, nebo\u0165 nesp\u011bchal se zah\u00e1jen\u00edm l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 praxe a pracoval d\u00e1le ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u010dinnosti na Fyziologick\u00e9m \u00fastav\u011b. Po zasnouben\u00ed s Martou Bernaysovou se v \u010dervenci roku 1882 rozhodl nastoupit t\u0159\u00edletou praxi ve v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 nemocnici. Zde p\u0159e\u0161el z odd\u011blen\u00ed intern\u00edch chorob na psychiatrickou kliniku Theodora Meynerta, kde nasb\u00edral psychiatrickou praxi l\u00e9\u010den\u00edm pacient\u016f, a\u0165 u\u017e trp\u011bli vnit\u0159n\u00edmi \u010di du\u0161evn\u00edmi chorobami. Pozd\u011bji se cht\u011bl alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vr\u00e1tit k v\u011bdeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci a byl p\u0159ijat do laborato\u0159e, kde se zab\u00fdval zkoum\u00e1n\u00edm ontogenetick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje mozku, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b prodlou\u017een\u00e9 m\u00edchy, od d\u011btstv\u00ed a\u017e po dosp\u011blost. D\u00edky publikovan\u00fdm \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016fm si z\u00edskal pov\u011bst v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho neurologa. Roku 1885 splnil po\u017eadavky na m\u00edsto soukrom\u00e9ho docenta neurologie a p\u0159ednesl ve\u0159ejnou p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ku na t\u00e9ma „Medull\u00e1rn\u00ed dr\u00e1hy mozku“. N\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das str\u00e1vil v Charcotov\u011b laborato\u0159i v Salpetriere v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, kde se studoval hysterii, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ochrnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 tuto chorobu v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech doprov\u00e1z\u00ed. Do t\u00e9 doby znal p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu organick\u00e9ho poran\u011bn\u00ed, ale co zp\u016fsobuje hysterick\u00e9 ochrnut\u00ed?

Profesor Jean Martin Charcot, jeden z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch neurolog\u016f devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, mu odpov\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou je n\u011bjak\u00e9 dynamick\u00e9 trauma o kter\u00e9m mohl \u0159\u00edci jen to, \u017ee je to trauma, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed mo\u017eno vid\u011bt. Od t\u00e9to chv\u00edle Freud d\u00e1le pokra\u010doval ve sv\u00e9 neurologick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci a jednak p\u00e1tral po v\u00fdznamu nevid\u011bn\u00e9ho, dynamick\u00e9ho traumatu jako po p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u011b funk\u010dn\u00ed du\u0161evn\u00ed choroby, tomuto p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed zasv\u011btil \u010dty\u0159icet let. P\u0159ed odjezdem do Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee nastoupil jako \u0159editel neurologick\u00e9 kliniky v nov\u00e9m \u00fastavu pro d\u011btsk\u00e9 choroby ve V\u00eddni. Zde pobyl \u0159adu let, publikoval zpr\u00e1vu o hemianopsii u d\u011bt\u00ed, zaj\u00edmal se o probl\u00e9m af\u00e1zie a v dal\u0161\u00edch letech uve\u0159ejnil osm \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f a monografii o mozkov\u00e9 paral\u00fdze u d\u011bt\u00ed. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b se ji\u017e hluboce zab\u00fdval zkoum\u00e1n\u00edm dynamick\u00e9ho traumatu, kter\u00e9 Charcot ozna\u010dil za p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu neur\u00f3z. Na ja\u0159e roku 1886 se o\u017eenil s Martou Bernaysovou a otev\u0159el si ve V\u00eddni ordinaci, kde cht\u011bl Freud l\u00e9\u010dit nemocn\u00e9 pacienty. V\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina pacient\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed budou p\u0159ich\u00e1zet, jsou ambulantn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady t\u00e9 \u010di on\u00e9 neur\u00f3zy a jen m\u00e1lo z nich trp\u00ed organickou poruchou. Jak je m\u00e1 l\u00e9\u010dit, kdy\u017e povahu neorganick\u00e9 choroby nezn\u00e1 ani on, ani nikdo jin\u00fd? Jak to, \u017ee lid\u00e9 onemocn\u00ed bez skute\u010dn\u00e9ho poran\u011bn\u00ed nebo nemoci? Freud musel pragmaticky zkou\u0161et to \u010di ono bez teoretick\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b si Freud znep\u0159\u00e1telil l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 kruhy ve V\u00eddni, kdy\u017e v p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ce h\u00e1jil Charcot\u016fv n\u00e1zor, \u017ee hysterie se neomezuje jen na \u017eeny. Jako ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b zem\u00ed sv\u011bta se pokl\u00e1dala za v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b \u017eenskou chorobu a h\u00e1jila se teze, \u017ee mu\u017ei nem\u016f\u017eou b\u00fdt hysteri\u010dt\u00ed. Freudovi poslucha\u010di prohla\u0161ovali, \u017ee snad hysteri\u00ed trp\u00ed Francouzi, Raku\u0161an\u00e9 v\u0161ak nikdy. Freud nakonec dok\u00e1zal sv\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed uk\u00e1zkou hysterika p\u0159\u00edmo v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 nemocnici a zp\u016fsobil si tak sr\u00e1\u017eku s L\u00e9ka\u0159skou spole\u010dnost\u00ed. Po mnoha nezdarech p\u0159i l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed si Freud p\u0159e\u010detl knihu dr. Hypplota Bernheima „Sugesce a jej\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed jako terapie“, b\u00fdval\u00e9ho studenta prof. Charcota. Dr. Bernheim podrobn\u011b popisoval pou\u017eit\u00ed hypnotick\u00e9 sugesce jako formu terapie a byl p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den o efektivnosti t\u00e9to metody. Freud tuto metodu ihned vyzkou\u0161el na sv\u00fdch pacientech s p\u0159ekvapuj\u00edc\u00edmi v\u00fdsledky, kdy\u017e v prvn\u00edch t\u00fddnech zaznamenal n\u011bkolik rychle vyl\u00e9\u010den\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f.

Do ordinace se hrnuli neurotikov\u00e9 a Freud ve sv\u00e9m \u017eivotopise p\u00ed\u0161e:“ \u2026 a tak se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b stalo, \u017ee v prvn\u00edch letech m\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 praxe m\u00fdm hlavn\u00edm pracovn\u00edm n\u00e1strojem – vedle n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch a nesoustavn\u00fdch psychoterapeutick\u00fdch metod – byla hypnotick\u00e1 sugesce. Znamenalo to ov\u0161em, \u017ee jsem se vzdal l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed org. nervov\u00fdch chorob, to v\u0161ak nebylo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9. Nebo\u0165 v soukrom\u00e9 praxi l\u00e9ka\u0159e, kter\u00fd pracuje ve velk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b, mno\u017estv\u00ed takov\u00fdch pacient\u016f nen\u00ed ni\u010d\u00edm ve srovn\u00e1n\u00edm se z\u00e1stupy neurotik\u016f, jejich\u017e po\u010det se zd\u00e1nliv\u011b zvy\u0161uje t\u00edm, jak b\u011bhaj\u00ed od jednoho l\u00e9ka\u0159e ke druh\u00e9mu – ani\u017e odstran\u00ed jejich pot\u00ed\u017ee – a krom\u011b toho bylo v pr\u00e1ci s hypn\u00f3zou n\u011bco sv\u016fdn\u00e9ho. Po prv\u00e9 jsem c\u00edtil, \u017ee jsem p\u0159ekonal vlastn\u00ed nemohoucnost \u2026“. Pozd\u011bji zjistil, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 pacienty nelze v\u016fbec hypnotisovat nebo jen velmi povrchn\u011b, proto str\u00e1vil n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f roku 1889 v Nancy a pozoroval dr. Li\u00e9baulta a dr. Bernheima p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci. Jejich pacienti byli hypnotisov\u00e1ni, dos\u00e1hli somnambilismu s amn\u00e9zi\u00ed a pak jim l\u00e9ka\u0159 pov\u011bd\u011bl nebo i na\u0159\u00eddil, \u017ee ji\u017e nikdy nebudou c\u00edtit p\u0159\u00edznaky choroby. Freud se nad\u0161en vr\u00e1til do V\u00eddn\u011b, ale jak s\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 : „z\u00edskal jsem dojem, \u017ee snad existuj\u00ed mocn\u00e9 psychick\u00e9 procesy, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed pro lidsk\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed skryty“. Nab\u00fdval d\u00e1le p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee jde ve skute\u010dnosti o podv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed pacienta a v\u011bdeck\u00fd pr\u016fzkum neur\u00f3z z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 utajen, spolu s objevem dynamick\u00e9ho traumatu. Co je to dynamick\u00e9 trauma, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuje „bezp\u0159\u00ed\u010dinn\u00e9 choroby“? Freud si vzpomn\u011bl na rozhovor s dr. Josefem Breuerem, kter\u00fd mu vypr\u00e1v\u011bl o p\u0159\u00edpadu hysterie mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny jen\u017e onemocn\u011bla p\u0159i o\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edho otce. Byla ochrnut\u00e1 a trp\u011bla stavy psychick\u00e9 pomatenosti, kter\u00e1 mizela, jakmile byla schopna vyslovit ur\u010ditou fantastickou p\u0159edstavu, jen\u017e v dan\u00fd okam\u017eik m\u011bla na mysli. Breuer ji p\u0159im\u011bl ve stavu hlubok\u00e9 hypnosy, aby mu sd\u011blila, co t\u00ed\u017e\u00ed jej\u00ed mysl. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem postupn\u011b rozpt\u00fdlil r\u016fzn\u00e1 ochrn\u011bn\u00ed a \u00fatlum, jimi\u017e nemocn\u00e1 trp\u011bla. To byl slavn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad Anny O. Breuer sd\u011blil Freudovi, \u017ee pacientka nebyla v bd\u011bl\u00e9m stavu naprosto schopna uv\u00e9st souvislost p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f se sv\u00fdmi \u017eivotn\u00edmi z\u00e1\u017eitky. V hypnotick\u00e9m stavu je v\u0161ak sd\u011blila a Breuer zjistil, \u017ee v\u0161echny souvis\u00ed s ud\u00e1lostmi um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edho otce a vzpom\u00ednkami na n\u011bj. Breuerova teorie spo\u010d\u00edvala v tom, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edznak nahradil hnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se nemohlo uskute\u010dnit v situaci, kdy pacientka musela o\u0161et\u0159ovat sv\u00e9ho otce. Freud c\u00edtil, \u017ee na\u0161el dynamick\u00e9 trauma, kter\u00e9 hledal.

Nutnost potla\u010dit siln\u00fd impuls vyvolala du\u0161evn\u00ed poruchu a fyzick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky byly n\u00e1hra\u017eky jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by odpov\u00eddalo dan\u00e9mu impulsu. D\u00e1le Breuer tvrdil, \u017ee kdy\u017e pacientka pro\u017eila v\u0161echny emoce p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161ej\u00edc\u00edmu potla\u010den\u00e9mu psychick\u00e9mu hnut\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edznaky zmizely a ji\u017e se nevr\u00e1tily. Tento zp\u016fsob nazval „katarze“. Freud pou\u017eil tuto metodu na l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed hysterik\u016f a po dvou letech p\u0159ipojil \u010dty\u0159i vlastn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady a oba l\u00e9ka\u0159i napsali knihu „Studie o hysterii“, kter\u00e1 vy\u0161la v roce 1895. Zde ji\u017e \u0161lo o v\u00fdznamn\u00fd krok k psychoanal\u00fdze, jeliko\u017e tato teorie zd\u016fraz\u0148ovala v\u00fdznam emoc\u00ed a rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi v\u011bdom\u00fdmi a nev\u011bdom\u00fdmi psychick\u00fdmi \u010diny. U \u010dlov\u011bka existuje konstantn\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed tzv.“psychick\u00e9 energie“, kter\u00e1 nenajde-li ventil, je-li zadr\u017eena, projev\u00ed se jako patologick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edznak. C\u00edlem je vytvo\u0159it podm\u00ednky na usm\u011brn\u011bn\u00ed do norm\u00e1ln\u00edho stavu. Je\u0161t\u011b v t\u00e9m\u017ee roce Freud napsal spis „Projekt“ v n\u011bm\u017e hlavn\u00ed \u00falohu p\u0159id\u011blil vzru\u0161iv\u00e9mu a \u00fatlumov\u00e9mu procesu. Freud se sna\u017eil vybudovat celou teoretickou stavbu lidsk\u00e9 psychiky z hlediska fyziologie, od po\u010ditk\u016f a vjem\u016f a\u017e k my\u0161len\u00ed a emoc\u00edm. Od roku 1895 se Freud stal dualistou, jeliko\u017e nebyla v t\u00e9 dob\u011b prozkoum\u00e1na fyziologie mozku a nemohl studovat psychologii jako v\u011bdu z\u00e1vislou na t\u00e9to fyziologii a s\u00e1m p\u00ed\u0161e: „Naprosto se nedomn\u00edv\u00e1m, \u017ee oblast psychologick\u00e9ho se vzn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed ve vzduchu, bez jak\u00e9hokoli org. z\u00e1kladu. Av\u0161ak krom\u011b tohoto p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed nem\u00e1m ani teoretick\u00e9 ani terapeutick\u00e9 poznatky“.

autor: Martin Hauge
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Lea, 2002-10-13 02:07:47<\/p>\n\n\n

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Sigmund Freud – jeden ze zakladatel\u016f psychologie Narodil se v P\u0159\u00edbo\u0159e na Morav\u011b dne 6 kv\u011btna 1856. V sedmn\u00e1cti letech<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[15],"class_list":["post-1895","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vzduch","tag-archiv"],"yoast_head":"\nSigmund Freud -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ritual.cz\/index.php\/2024\/12\/30\/sigmund-freud\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sigmund Freud -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sigmund Freud – jeden ze zakladatel\u016f psychologie Narodil se v P\u0159\u00edbo\u0159e na Morav\u011b dne 6 kv\u011btna 1856. 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